.. highlight:: bash

Back-ends
=========

Accelerator Implementations
```````````````````````````
The table shows which native implementation or information is used to represent an alpaka functionality.

.. table::

    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | alpaka                                                        | Serial                                        | std::thread                                                                     | OpenMP 2.0                                                                          | OpenMP 4.0                                                                                                                            | CUDA 9.0+                                        |
    +===============================================================+===============================================+=================================================================================+=====================================================================================+=======================================================================================================================================+==================================================+
    | Devices                                                       | Host Core                                     | Host Cores                                                                      | Host Cores                                                                          | Host Cores                                                                                                                            | NVIDIA GPUs                                      |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | Lib/API                                                       | standard C++                                  | std::thread                                                                     | OpenMP 2.0                                                                          | OpenMP 4.0                                                                                                                            | CUDA 9.0+                                        |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | Kernel execution                                              | sequential                                    | std::thread(kernel)                                                             | omp_set_dynamic(0), #pragma omp parallel num_threads(iNumKernelsInBlock)            | #pragma omp target, #pragma omp teams num_teams(...) thread_limit(...), #pragma omp distribute, #pragma omp parallel num_threads(...) | cudaConfigureCall, cudaSetupArgument, cudaLaunch |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | Execution strategy grid-blocks                                | sequential                                    | sequential                                                                      | sequential                                                                          | undefined                                                                                                                             | undefined                                        |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | Execution strategy block-kernels                              | sequential                                    | preemptive multitasking                                                         | preemptive multitasking                                                             | preemptive multitasking                                                                                                               | lock-step within warps                           |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | getIdx                                                        | emulated                                      | block-kernel: mapping of std::this_thread::get_id() grid-block: member variable | block-kernel: omp_get_num_threads() to 3D index mapping grid-block: member variable | block-kernel: omp_get_num_threads() to 3D index mapping grid-block: member variable                                                   | threadIdx, blockIdx                              |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | getExtents                                                    | member variables                              | member variables                                                                | member variables                                                                    | member variables                                                                                                                      | gridDim, blockDim                                |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | getBlockSharedMemDynSizeBytes                                 | allocated in memory prior to kernel execution | allocated in memory prior to kernel execution                                   | allocated in memory prior to kernel execution                                       | allocated in memory prior to kernel execution                                                                                         | __shared__                                       |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | allocBlockSharedMem                                           | master thread allocates                       | syncBlockKernels -> master thread allocates -> syncBlockKernels                 | syncBlockKernels -> master thread allocates -> syncBlockKernels                     | syncBlockKernels -> master thread allocates -> syncBlockKernels                                                                       | __shared__                                       |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | syncBlockKernels                                              | not required                                  | barrier                                                                         | #pragma omp barrier                                                                 | #pragma omp barrier                                                                                                                   | __syncthreads                                    |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | atomicOp                                                      | hierarchy depended                            | std::lock_guard< std::mutex >                                                   | #pragma omp critical                                                                | #pragma omp critical                                                                                                                  | atomicXXX                                        |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | ALPAKA_FN_HOST_ACC, ALPAKA_FN_ACC, ALPAKA_FN_HOST             | inline                                        | inline                                                                          | inline                                                                              | inline                                                                                                                                | __device__, __host__, __forceinline__            |
    +---------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

Serial
``````

The serial accelerator only allows blocks with exactly one thread.
Therefore it does not implement real synchronization or atomic primitives.

Threads
```````

Execution
+++++++++

To prevent recreation of the threads between execution of different blocks in the grid, the threads are stored inside a thread pool.
This thread pool is local to the invocation because making it local to the KernelExecutor could mean a heavy memory usage and lots of idling kernel-threads when there are multiple KernelExecutors around.
Because the default policy of the threads in the pool is to yield instead of waiting, this would also slow down the system immensely.

OpenMP
``````

Execution
+++++++++

Parallel execution of the kernels in a block is required because when syncBlockThreads is called all of them have to be done with their work up to this line.
So we have to spawn one real thread per kernel in a block.
``omp for`` is not useful because it is meant for cases where multiple iterations are executed by one thread but in our case a 1:1 mapping is required.
Therefore we use ``omp parallel`` with the specified number of threads in a block.
Another reason for not using ``omp for`` like ``#pragma omp parallel for collapse(3) num_threads(blockDim.x*blockDim.y*blockDim.z)`` is that ``#pragma omp barrier`` used for intra block synchronization is not allowed inside ``omp for`` blocks.

Because OpenMP is designed for a 1:1 abstraction of hardware to software threads, the block size is restricted by the number of OpenMP threads allowed by the runtime.
This could be as little as 2 or 4 kernels but on a system with 4 cores and hyper-threading OpenMP can also allow 64 threads.

Index
+++++

OpenMP only provides a linear thread index. This index is converted to a 3 dimensional index at runtime.

Atomic
++++++

We can not use ``#pragma omp atomic`` because braces or calling other functions directly after ``#pragma omp atomic`` are not allowed.
Because we are implementing the CUDA atomic operations which return the old value, this requires ``#pragma omp critical`` to be used.
``omp_set_lock`` is an alternative but is usually slower.

CUDA
````

Nearly all CUDA functionality can be directly mapped to alpaka function calls.
A major difference is that CUDA requires the block and grid sizes to be given in (x, y, z) order. alpaka uses the mathematical C/C++ array indexing scheme [z][y][x]. In both cases x is the innermost / fast running index.

Furthermore alpaka does not require the indices and extents to be 3-dimensional.
The accelerators are templatized on and support arbitrary dimensionality.
NOTE: Currently the CUDA implementation is restricted to a maximum of 3 dimensions!

NOTE: You have to be careful when mixing alpaka and non alpaka CUDA code. The CUDA-accelerator back-end can change the current CUDA device and will NOT set the device back to the one prior to the invocation of the alpaka function.


Programming Interface
---------------------

**Function Attributes**

Depending on the cmake argument ``ALPAKA_ACC_GPU_CUDA_ONLY_MODE`` the function attributes are defined differently.

*ALPAKA_ACC_GPU_CUDA_ONLY_MODE=OFF* (default)

.. table::

   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | CUDA                                                | alpaka                                                  |
   +=====================================================+=========================================================+
   | ``__host__``                                        | ``ALPAKA_FN_HOST``                                      |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__device__``                                      | --                                                      |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__global__``                                      | --                                                      |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__host__ __device__``                             | ``ALPAKA_FN_HOST_ACC``, ``ALPAKA_FN_ACC``               |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

*ALPAKA_ACC_GPU_CUDA_ONLY_MODE=ON*

.. table::

   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | CUDA                                                | alpaka                                                  |
   +=====================================================+=========================================================+
   | ``__host__``                                        | ``ALPAKA_FN_HOST``                                      |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__device__``                                      | ``ALPAKA_FN_ACC``                                       |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__global__``                                      | --                                                      |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__host__ __device__``                             | ``ALPAKA_FN_HOST_ACC``                                  |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

.. note:: 

   There is no alpaka equivalent to ``__global__`` because the design of alpaka does not allow it. When running a alpaka kernel, alpaka creates a ``__global__`` kernel that performs some setup functions, such as creating the acc object, and then runs the user kernel, which must be a CUDA ``__device__`` function.

.. note::

   You can not call CUDA-only methods, except when ``ALPAKA_ACC_GPU_CUDA_ONLY_MODE`` is enabled.

.. note::

   When calling a ``constexpr`` function from inside a device function, also mark the called function as a device function, e.g. by prepending ``ALPAKA_FN_ACC``.

   Note that some compilers do that by default, but not all.
   For details please refer to `#1580 <https://github.com/alpaka-group/alpaka/issues/1580>`_ .

**Memory**

.. table::

   +-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | CUDA                                                | alpaka                                                                     |
   +=====================================================+============================================================================+
   | ``__shared__``                                      | ``alpaka::declareSharedVar<std::uint32_t, __COUNTER__>(acc)``              |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__constant__``                                    | ``ALPAKA_STATIC_ACC_MEM_CONSTANT``                                         |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | ``__device__``                                      | ``ALPAKA_STATIC_ACC_MEM_GLOBAL``                                           |
   +-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

.. doxygenfunction:: alpaka::declareSharedVar
   :project: alpaka

.. doxygendefine:: ALPAKA_STATIC_ACC_MEM_CONSTANT
   :project: alpaka

.. doxygendefine:: ALPAKA_STATIC_ACC_MEM_GLOBAL
   :project: alpaka

*Index / Work Division*

.. table::

    +---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                            | alpaka                                                                           |
    +=================================+==================================================================================+
    | ``threadIdx``                   | ``alpaka::getIdx<alpaka::Block, alpaka::Threads>(acc)``                          |
    +---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ``blockIdx``                    | ``alpaka::getIdx<alpaka::Grid, alpaka::Blocks>(acc)``                            |
    +---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ``blockDim``                    | ``alpaka::getWorkDiv<alpaka::Block, alpaka::Threads>(acc)``                      |
    +---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ``gridDim``                     | ``alpaka::getWorkDiv<alpaka::Grid, alpaka::Blocks>(acc)``                        |
    +---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ``warpSize``                    | ``alpaka::warp::getSize(acc)``                                                   |
    +---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

*Types*

.. table::

    +----------+-------------------------------------+
    | CUDA     | alpaka                              |
    +==========+=====================================+
    | ``dim3`` | ``alpaka::Vec< TDim, TVal >``       |
    +----------+-------------------------------------+



CUDA Runtime API
++++++++++++++++

The following tables list the functions available in the `CUDA Runtime API <https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-runtime-api/modules.html#modules>`_ and their equivalent alpaka functions:

*Device Management*

.. table::

    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                            | alpaka                                                                |
    +=================================+=======================================================================+
    | cudaChooseDevice                | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetAttribute          | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetByPCIBusId         | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetCacheConfig        | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetLimit              | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetP2PAttribute       | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetPCIBusId           | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetSharedMemConfig    | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceGetQueuePriorityRange | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceReset                 | alpaka::reset(device)                                                 |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceSetCacheConfig        | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceSetLimit              | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceSetSharedMemConfig    | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceSynchronize           | void alpaka::wait(device)                                             |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetDevice                   | n/a (no current device)                                               |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetDeviceCount              | std::size_t alpaka::getDevCount< TPlatform >()                        |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetDeviceFlags              | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetDeviceProperties         | alpaka::getAccDevProps(dev) (Only some properties available)          |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaIpcCloseMemHandle           | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaIpcGetEventHandle           | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaIpcGetMemHandle             | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaIpcOpenEventHandle          | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaIpcOpenMemHandle            | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaSetDevice                   | n/a (no current device)                                               |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaSetDeviceFlags              | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaSetValidDevices             | --                                                                    |
    +---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+


*Error Handling*

.. table::

    +---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                | alpaka                                                   |
    +=====================+==========================================================+
    | cudaGetErrorName    | n/a (handled internally, available in exception message) |
    +---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetErrorString  | n/a (handled internally, available in exception message) |
    +---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetLastError    | n/a (handled internally)                                 |
    +---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaPeekAtLastError | n/a (handled internally)                                 |
    +---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+


*Queue Management*

.. table::

    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                         | alpaka                                                  |
    +==============================+=========================================================+
    | cudaLaunchHostFunc           | alpaka::enqueue(queue, [](){dosomething();})            |
    |                              |                                                         |
    | cudaStreamAddCallback        | \                                                       |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamAttachMemAsync     | --                                                      |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamCreate             | - queue=alpaka::QueueCudaRtNonBlocking(device);         |
    | \                            | - queue=alpaka::QueueCudaRtBlocking(device);            |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamCreateWithFlags    | see cudaStreamCreate (cudaStreamNonBlocking hard coded) |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamCreateWithPriority | --                                                      |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamDestroy            | n/a (Destructor)                                        |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamGetFlags           | --                                                      |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamGetPriority        | --                                                      |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamQuery              | bool alpaka::empty(queue)                               |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamSynchronize        | void alpaka::wait(queue)                                |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaStreamWaitEvent          | void alpaka::wait(queue, event)                         |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

*Event Management*

.. table::

    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                     | alpaka                                     |
    +==========================+============================================+
    | cudaEventCreate          | alpaka::Event< TQueue > event(dev);        |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | cudaEventCreateWithFlags | --                                         |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | cudaEventDestroy         | n/a (Destructor)                           |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | cudaEventElapsedTime     | --                                         |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | cudaEventQuery           | bool alpaka::isComplete(event)             |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | cudaEventRecord          | void alpaka::enqueue(queue, event)         |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
    | cudaEventSynchronize     | void alpaka::wait(event)                   |
    +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

*Memory Management*

.. table::

    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                       | alpaka                                                                                     |
    +============================+============================================================================================+
    | cudaArrayGetInfo           | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFree                   | n/a (automatic memory management with reference counted memory handles)                    |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFreeArray              | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFreeAsync              | n/a (automatic memory management with reference counted memory handles)                    |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFreeHost               | n/a (automatic memory management with reference counted memory handles)                    |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFreeMipmappedArray     | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetMipmappedArrayLevel | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetSymbolAddress       | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaGetSymbolSize          | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaHostAlloc              | alpaka::allocMappedBuf<TElement, TIdx>(host, platform, extents) 1D, 2D, 3D supported! [1]  |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaHostGetDevicePointer   | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaHostGetFlags           | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaHostRegister           | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaHostUnregister         | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMalloc                 | alpaka::allocBuf<TElement>(device, extents1D)                                              |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMalloc3D               | alpaka::allocBuf<TElement>(device, extents3D)                                              |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMalloc3DArray          | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMallocArray            | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMallocAsync            | alpaka::allocAsyncBuf<TElement>(queue, extents) 1D, 2D, 3D supported!                      |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMallocHost             | alpaka::allocMappedBuf<TElement, TIdx>(host, platform, extents) 1D, 2D, 3D supported! [1]  |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMallocManaged          | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMallocMipmappedArray   | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMallocPitch            | alpaka::allocBuf<TElement>(device, extents2D)                                              |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemAdvise              | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemGetInfo             | - alpaka::getMemBytes                                                                      |
    |                            | - alpaka::getFreeMemBytes                                                                  |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemPrefetchAsync       | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemRangeGetAttribute   | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemRangeGetAttributes  | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy                 | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents1D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2D               | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents2D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2DArrayToArray   | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2DAsync          | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents2D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2DFromArray      | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2DFromArrayAsync | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2DToArray        | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy2DToArrayAsync   | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy3D               | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents3D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy3DAsync          | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents3D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy3DPeer           | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents3D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpy3DPeerAsync      | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents3D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyArrayToArray     | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyAsync            | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents1D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyFromArray        | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyFromArrayAsync   | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyFromSymbol       | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyFromSymbolAsync  | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyPeer             | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents1D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyPeerAsync        | alpaka::memcpy(queue, memBufDst, memBufSrc, extents1D)                                     |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyToArray          | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyToArrayAsync     | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyToSymbol         | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyToSymbolAsync    | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemset                 | alpaka::memset(queue, memBufDst, byte, extents1D)                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemset2D               | alpaka::memset(queue, memBufDst, byte, extents2D)                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemset2DAsync          | alpaka::memset(queue, memBufDst, byte, extents2D)                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemset3D               | alpaka::memset(queue, memBufDst, byte, extents3D)                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemset3DAsync          | alpaka::memset(queue, memBufDst, byte, extents3D)                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemsetAsync            | alpaka::memset(queue, memBufDst, byte, extents1D)                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | makecudaExtent             | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | makecudaPitchedPtr         | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | makecudaPos                | --                                                                                         |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyHostToDevice     | n/a (direction of copy is determined automatically)                                        |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost     | n/a (direction of copy is determined automatically)                                        |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

[1] Not every platform supports mapped buffers, so `alpaka::allocMappedBufIfSupported<TElement, TIdx>(host, platform, extents)` should be used instead to support these platforms as well.

*Execution Control*

.. table::

    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | CUDA                       | alpaka                                                                                                       |
    +============================+==============================================================================================================+
    | cudaFuncGetAttributes      | --                                                                                                           |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFuncSetCacheConfig     | --                                                                                                           |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaFuncSetSharedMemConfig | --                                                                                                           |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaLaunchKernel           | - alpaka::exec<TAcc>(queue, workDiv, kernel, params...)                                                      |
    | \                          | - auto byteDynSharedMem = alpaka::getBlockSharedMemDynSizeBytes(kernel, ...)                                 |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaSetDoubleForDevice     | n/a (alpaka assumes double support)                                                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | cudaSetDoubleForHost       | n/a (alpaka assumes double support)                                                                          |
    +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

*Occupancy*

.. table::

    +--------------------------------------------------------+--------+
    | CUDA                                                   | alpaka |
    +========================================================+========+
    | cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor          | --     |
    +--------------------------------------------------------+--------+
    | cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessorWithFlags | --     |
    +--------------------------------------------------------+--------+


*Unified Addressing*

.. table::

    +--------------------------+--------+
    | CUDA                     | alpaka |
    +==========================+========+
    | cudaPointerGetAttributes | --     |
    +--------------------------+--------+


*Peer Device Memory Access*

.. table::

    +-----------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | CUDA                        | alpaka                           |
    +=============================+==================================+
    | cudaDeviceCanAccessPeer     | --                               |
    +-----------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceDisablePeerAccess | --                               |
    +-----------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | cudaDeviceEnablePeerAccess  | automatically done when required |
    +-----------------------------+----------------------------------+

**OpenGL, Direct3D, VDPAU, EGL, Graphics Interoperability**

*not available*

**Texture/Surface Reference/Object Management**

*not available*

**Version Management**

*not available*



HIP
```

.. warning::

   The HIP documentation is outdated and must be overworked.

Current Restrictions on HCC platform
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

- Workaround for unsupported ``syncthreads_{count|and|or}``.

  - Uses temporary shared value and atomics

- Workaround for buggy ``hipStreamQuery``, ``hipStreamSynchronize``.

  - Introduces own queue management
  - ``hipStreamQuery`` and ``hipStreamSynchronize`` do not work in multithreaded environment

- Workaround for missing ``cuStreamWaitValue32``.

  - Polls value each 10 ms

- Device constant memory not supported yet
- Note that ``printf`` in kernels is still not supported in HIP
- Exclude ``hipMalloc3D`` and ``hipMallocPitch`` when size is zero otherwise they throw an Unknown Error
- ``TestAccs`` excludes 3D specialization of HIP back-end for now because ``verifyBytesSet`` fails in ``memView`` for 3D specialization
- ``dim3`` structure is not available on device (use ``alpaka::Vec`` instead)
- Constructors' attributes unified with destructors'.

  - Host/device signature must match in HIP(HCC)

- A chain of functions must also provide correct host-device signatures

  - E.g. a host function cannot be called from a host-device function

- Recompile your target when HCC linker returned the error:
  "File format not recognized
  clang-7: error: linker command failed with exit code 1"
- If compile-error occurred the linker still may link, but without the device code
- AMD device architecture currently hardcoded in ``alpakaConfig.cmake``

Compiling HIP from Source
+++++++++++++++++++++++++

Follow `HIP Installation`_ guide for installing HIP.
HIP requires either *nvcc* or *hcc* to be installed on your system (see guide for further details).

.. _HIP Installation: https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP/blob/master/INSTALL.md

- If you want the HIP binaries to be located in a directory that does not require superuser access, be sure to change the install directory of HIP by modifying the ``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`` cmake variable.
- Also, after the installation is complete, add the following line to the ``.profile`` file in your home directory, in order to add the path to the HIP binaries to PATH: ``PATH=$PATH:<path_to_binaries>``

.. code-block::

   git clone --recursive https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP.git
   cd HIP
   mkdir -p build
   cd build
   cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${YOUR_HIP_INSTALL_DIR} -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF ..
   make
   make install

- Set the appropriate paths (edit ``${YOUR_**}`` variables)

.. code-block::

  # HIP_PATH required by HIP tools
  export HIP_PATH=${YOUR_HIP_INSTALL_DIR}
  # Paths required by HIP tools
  export CUDA_PATH=${YOUR_CUDA_ROOT}
  # - if required, path to HCC compiler. Default /opt/rocm/hcc.
  export HCC_HOME=${YOUR_HCC_ROOT}
  # - if required, path to HSA include, lib. Default /opt/rocm/hsa.
  export HSA_PATH=${YOUR_HSA_PATH}
  # HIP binaries and libraries
  export PATH=${HIP_PATH}/bin:$PATH
  export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${HIP_PATH}/lib64:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}

- Test the HIP binaries

.. code-block::

  # calls nvcc or hcc
  which hipcc
  hipcc -V
  which hipconfig
  hipconfig -v


Verifying HIP Installation
++++++++++++++++++++++++++

- If PATH points to the location of the HIP binaries, the following command should list several relevant environment variables, and also the selected compiler on your ``system-\`hipconfig -f\```
- Compile and run the `square sample`_, as pointed out in the original `HIP install guide`_.

.. _square sample: https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP/tree/master/samples/0_Intro/square
.. _HIP install guide: https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP/blob/master/INSTALL.md#user-content-verify-your-installation

Compiling Examples with HIP Back End
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

As of now, the back-end has only been tested on the NVIDIA platform.

* NVIDIA Platform

  * One issue in this branch of alpaka is that the host compiler flags don't propagate to the device compiler, as they do in CUDA. This is because a counterpart to the ``CUDA_PROPAGATE_HOST_FLAGS`` cmake variable has not been defined in the FindHIP.cmake file.
    alpaka forwards the host compiler flags in cmake to the ``HIP_NVCC_FLAGS`` cmake variable, which also takes user-given flags. To add flags to this variable, toggle the advanced mode in ``ccmake``.


Random Number Generator Library rocRAND for HIP Back End
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

*rocRAND* provides an interface for HIP, where the cuRAND or rocRAND API is called depending on the chosen HIP platform (can be configured with cmake in alpaka).

Clone the rocRAND repository, then build and install it

.. code-block::

  git clone https://github.com/ROCmSoftwarePlatform/rocRAND
  cd rocRAND
  mkdir -p build
  cd build
  cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${HIP_PATH} -DBUILD_BENCHMARK=OFF -DBUILD_TEST=OFF -DCMAKE_MODULE_PATH=${HIP_PATH}/cmake ..
  make


The ``CMAKE_MODULE_PATH`` is a cmake variable for locating module finding scripts like *FindHIP.cmake*.
The paths to the *rocRAND* library and include directories should be appended to the ``CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH`` variable.